Koti

Methodology

How we calculate real yields, source our data, and ensure transparency.

011. Real Yield Calculation

Real yield represents the actual purchasing power gain (or loss) of an investment after accounting for all costs: fees, taxes, and inflation.

Formula:Real Yield = (Gross Yield - Fees) × (1 - Tax Rate) - Inflation

Step 1

Net Yield (after fees)

Step 2

Apply Taxes

Step 3

Adjust for Inflation

022. Data Sources

European Central Bank (ECB)

    Eurostat

      Banks & Financial Institutions

        Providers

          3. Tax Rates

          Tax rates shown are standard withholding rates for interest income in each country.

            5. Limitations

            Errors are possible

            Despite our best efforts, errors may occur. Rates change frequently.